Cornish people について

English, Welsh, Scottish, Manx, Bretons, Irish
|footnotes = Cornish American, Cornish Australian
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Cornish people or Cornish ((コーンウォール語:Kernowyon)) are an ethnic group associated with Cornwall,〔:
〕〔
〕 in the south west of Great Britain, administered as part of England, and a recognised national minority in the United Kingdom. The Cornish thus represent a distinct ethnic group within the UK, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain before the Roman conquest,〔 and some in the county today continue to assert a distinct identity, separately or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has been adopted by migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora. Although not included as an explicit option in the UK census, the numbers of those claiming Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.〔Ian Saltern, ''Cornish National Minority Report 2'', 2011〕〔
Throughout classical antiquity, the ancient Britons formed a series of tribes, cultures and identities in Great Britain; the Dumnonii and Cornovii were the Celtic tribes who inhabited what was to become Cornwall during the Iron Age, Roman and post-Roman periods.〔 The name Cornwall and its demonym Cornish are derived from the Celtic Cornovii tribe.〔〔 The Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th to 6th centuries pushed Celtic culture to the northern and western fringes of Great Britain. The Cornish people, who shared the Brythonic language with the Welsh, were referred to in the Old English language as the "Westwalas" meaning West Welsh.〔 The Battle of Deorham between the Britons and Anglo-Saxons is thought to have resulted in a loss of landlinks with the people of Wales.〔In this period however land travel was far more difficult than travel by sea.〕
The Cornish people and their Brythonic Cornish language experienced a process of anglicisation and attrition during the Medieval and early Modern Period. By the 18th century, and following the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Cornish language and identity had faded, replaced by the English language and British identity.〔〔.〕 A Celtic revival during the early-20th century enabled a cultural self-consciousness in Cornwall that revitalised the Cornish language and roused the Cornish to express a distinctly Celtic heritage. The Cornish language was granted official recognition under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002, and in 2014 the Cornish people were recognised and afforded protection by the UK Government under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.〔
In the 2011 census, the population of Cornwall, including the Isles of Scilly was estimated to be 532,300.〔https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/data-and-research/data-by-topic/population/〕 The Cornish self-government movement has called for greater recognition of Cornish culture, politics and language, and urged that Cornish people be accorded greater status, exemplified by the call for them to be one of the listed ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Census 2011 form.〔
== Classification ==

Both geographic and historical factors distinguish the Cornish as an ethnic group〔 further supported by identifiable genetic variance between the populations of Cornwall, neighbouring Devon and England as published in a 2012 Oxford University study.〔http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2012/120703.html 〕 Throughout medieval and Early Modern Britain, the Cornish were at some points accorded the same status as the English and Welsh and considered a separate race or nation, distinct from their neighbours, with their own language, society and customs.〔 A process of Anglicisation between 1485 and 1700 led to the Cornish adopting English language, culture and civic identity, a view reinforced by Cornish historian A. L. Rowse who said they were gradually "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".〔 Although "decidedly modern" and "largely retrospective" in its identity politics, Cornish and Celtic associations have advanced the notion of a distinct Cornish national and ethnic identity since the late 20th century.〔 In the United Kingdom Census 2001, despite no explicit "Cornish" option being available, approximately 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people elsewhere in the UK—a combined total equal to nearly 7 per cent of the population of Cornwall—identified themselves as ethnic Cornish by writing this in under the "other" ethnicity option.〔〔 The census figures show a change in identity from West to East, in Penwith 9.2 per cent identified as ethnically Cornish, in Kerrier it was 7.5 per cent, in Carrick 6.6 per cent, Restormel 6.3 per cent, North Cornwall 6 per cent, and Caradon 5.6 per cent. Weighting of the 2001 Census data gives a figure of 154,791 people with Cornish ethnicity living in Cornwall.〔Kerryn Michael Husk, 'Ethnic group affiliation and social exclusion in Cornwall; analysis, adjustment and extension of the 2001 England and Wales Census data', University of Plymouth, 2012〕
The Cornish have been described as "a special case" in England, with an "ethnic rather than regional identity".〔.〕 Structural changes to the politics of the United Kingdom, particularly the European Union and devolution, have been the cited as the main stimulus to "a growing interest in Cornish identity and distinctiveness" in late-20th century Britain.〔 The British are the citizens of the United Kingdom, a people who by convention consist of four national groups: the English, Northern Irish, Scots and Welsh.〔 In the 1990s it was said that the notion that the Cornish are to be classified as a nation comparable to the English, Irish, Scots and Welsh, "has practically vanished from the popular consciousness" outside Cornwall,〔 and that, despite a "real and substantive" identity, the Cornish "struggle for recognition as a national group distinct from the English".〔 However, in 2014, after a 15-year campaign, the UK government officially recognised the Cornish as a national minority under the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, giving the Cornish the same status as the Welsh, Scots and Irish within the UK.〔
Inhabitants of Cornwall may have multiple political allegiances, adopting mixed, dual or hyphenated identities such as "Cornish first and British second",〔 "Cornish and British and European",〔.〕 or, like Phil Vickery (a rugby union prop for the England national rugby union team and British and Irish Lions), describe themselves as "Cornish" and "English". Meanwhile, another international rugby union player, Josh Matavesi, describes himself as Cornish-Fijian and Cornish not English.
A survey by Plymouth University in 2000 found that 30% of children in Cornwall felt "Cornish, not English".〔Ager, D. E. ''Ideology and Image: Britain and language'', Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2003 ISBN 1-85359-660-4〕 A 2004 survey on national identity by the finance firm Morgan Stanley found that 44% of respondents in Cornwall saw themselves as Cornish rather than British or English. A 2008 University of Exeter study conducted in 16 towns across Cornwall found that 59% felt themselves to be Cornish and 41% felt "More Cornish than English", while for over a third of respondents the Cornish identity formed their primary ''national'' identity. Genealogy and family history were considered to be the chief criteria for ‘being’ Cornish, particularly among those who possessed such ties, while being born in Cornwall was also held to be important.〔J. Willett, ‘Cornish Identity: Vague Notion or Social Fact’, in Philip Payton (ed.) CornishStudies: Sixteen (Exeter, 2008), pp. 195–200.〕
A 2008 study by the University of Edinburgh of 15- and 16-year-old schoolchildren in Cornwall found that 58% of respondents felt themselves to be either ‘Fairly’ or ‘Very much’ Cornish. The other 42% may be the result of in-migration to the area during the second half of the twentieth century.〔Stuart Dunmore, 'Xians-via-Yish?: Language Attitudes and Cultural Identities on Britain's Celtic Periphery', in Philip Payton (ed.) Cornish Studies: Nineteen (Exeter, 2011).〕
A 2010 study by the University of Exeter into the meaning of contemporary Cornish identity across Cornwall found that there was a "west-east distance decay in the strength of the Cornish identity." The study was conducted amongst the farming community as they were deemed to be the socio-professional group most objectively representative of Cornishness. All participants categorised themselves as Cornish and identified Cornish as their primary ethnic group orientation. Those in the west primarily thought of themselves as Cornish and British/Celtic, while those in the east tended to think of themselves as Cornish and English. All participants in West Cornwall who identified as Cornish and not English described people in East Cornwall, without hesitation, as equally Cornish as themselves. Those who identified as Cornish and English stressed the primacy of their Cornishness and a capacity to distance themselves from their Englishness. Ancestry was seen as the most important criterion for being categorised as Cornish, above place of birth or growing up in Cornwall. This study supports a 1988 study by Mary McArthur that had found that the meanings of Cornishness varied substantially, from local to national identity. Both studies also observed that the Cornish were less materialistic than the English. The Cornish generally saw the English, or city people, as being "less friendly and more aggressively self-promoting and insensitive." The Cornish saw themselves as friendly, welcoming and caring.〔Dickinson, Robert, Meanings of Cornishness: A Study of Contemporary Cornish Identity (Payton, Philip, Cornish Studies – Second Series: 18, University of Exeter Press, 2010)〕
In November 2010 British prime-minister, David Cameron, said "I think Cornish national identity is very powerful" and that his government would "devolve a lot of power to Cornwall – that will go to the Cornish unitary authority."

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